Most of our subjects tell us afterward that they found it quite interesting You get a chance to see how you react to the tasks and so forth." When opposites attract it is said that they have_____ characteristics. The second area is whether the experiment gave the participant an opportunity to discover their own skills, using the scale of 0 to 10. Gerard goes to his job interview dressed in patched blue jeans, a torn t-shirt, and sandals. Specifically, they showed that if a person is forced to improvise a speech supporting a point of view with which he disagrees, his private opinion moves toward the position advocated in the speech. A fraction of the participants (the control group) was thanked and let go after an interview. 0000000868 00000 n Half of them were offered $1 to do it, and half of them were offered $20. OF A POSSIBLE ALTERNATIVE EXPLANATION. He reasoned that if the person is induced to make an overt statement contrary to his private opinion by the offer of some reward, then the greater the reward offered, the greater should be the subsequent opinion change. Hence, the alternative explanation discussed above cannot account for the findings. Introducing Cram Folders! Which of the following does NOT represent an effective method for reducing prejudice? DISCUSSION. The girl, after this listened quietly, accepting and agreeing to everything the S told her. Is it simply the actions of an explicitly racist contingent? Maria had fallen victim to the_______technique. The data from 11 of the 71 Ss in the experiment had to be discarded for the following reasons: 1. Social Researcher. %PDF-1.7 % FESTINGER, L. A theory of cognitive dissonance. On the other hand, the people who were paid $20 had the monetary reason to lie. The difference between the One Dollar condition (+1.20) and the Control condition (-.62) is significant at the .08 level (t = 1.78). How do we explain this? Among the paid participants, 5 had suspicions about getting paid for the designated task. According to Sternberg, married (committed) people who also have intimacy and passion are in the form of love called______love. Check out our quiz-page with tests about: Explorable.com (Nov 21, 2010). /ImageB Then, identify the underlined modifier by writing P for positive degree, C for comparative degree, or S for superlative degree. For Jerry, going to the dog races a lot represents the___________component of an attitude. The people with whom a person identifies most strongly are called the________. It implies that if you want to change attitudes, all you have to do is change behavior, and the attitudes will follow along. A person demanding for _______ has power or authority to command a behavioral change, rather than just ask for a change. Hoffer pointed out that, after the Nazis had started persecuting the Jews, it became easier for the average German citizen to hate the Jews. (p.47). 2. He doesn't run over to help her because he assumes there is probably someone else in the crowd who is a doctor or nurse and who can provide better assistance. Festinger, L. & Carlsmith, J. M. (1959) Cognitive consequences of forced compliance. The participants were interviewed afterwards and were asked to rate the experiment in four areas (Cognitive Dissonance). When one person meets another person for the first time, ________ occurs. How are these 100 people likely to respond? They present some evidence, which is not altogether conclusive, in support of this explanation. endobj When members of a cult are trying to enlist a new recruit, they start by asking the recruit to make a small commitment, such as attending a short meeting or helping out at a social function. moderate; information about how to prevent the fearful consequences. } 8LDR#sUFZTE_|@N. Leon Festinger and his colleague James The dissonance could, consequently, be reduced by magnifying the importance of this cognition. An experiment by Festinger and Carlsmith (1959) brought cognitive dissonance theory to the attention of American social psychologists. Solomon Asch, a social psychologist conducted a series of experiments called Asch conformity to study how the behavior of a certain group influence the behav Normative conformity is most commonly referred to as peer pressure, and is prevalent in our present society. How can you get someone to like you, according to Ben Franklin? Nicole will probably experience. participants were paid $1 and the other half was paid $20. Twenty Dollar condition. He called it the Sacrifice Trap: If we once start making sacrifices for anythinga family, a religion, or a nationwe find that we cannot admit to ourselves that the sacrifices have been in vain without a threat to our personal identity. This is the, People are less likely to be susceptible to the foot-in-the-door technique, how far people would go in obeying the command of an authority figure, Social loafing can be explained by the fact that, it is easier for a lazy person to hide laziness when working in a group of people. The results, according to the researchers, display the cognitive dissonance phenomenon. /L 680077 Festinger and Carlsmith experiment A study conducted in which people were offered money to express attitudes that they did not hold; people who were offered big sums justified their behavior by the money but people who were offered smaller sums changed their attitudes to make them more consistent with their behavior The difference between the One Dollar and Twenty Dollar conditions is significant at the .03 level (t = 2.22). Selena is trying to get her boyfriend to wash the dishes for her. When it is his turn to speak, he voices an opinion more in keeping with the previous speakers. This, however, was unlikely in this experiment because money was used for the reward and it is undoubtedly difficult to convince oneself that one dollar is more than it really is. The result that the Twenty Dollar condition is actually lower than the Control condition is undoubtedly a matter of chance (t = 0.58). In this way, they propose, the person who is forced to improvise a speech convinces himself. 4), we will here give only a brief outline of the reasoning. Procedure In this experiment, 71 male participants were given a series of nonsensical and boring tasks. In this study, research participants were asked to spend an hour completing boring tasks (for example, repeatedly loading spools onto a tray). The participants who were paid only $1 to perform the boring 0000094931 00000 n Kenneth Boulding, an economist and past president of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, described a pattern that relates to cognitive dissonance. JANIS, I.L. The major results of the experiment are summarized in Table 1 which lists, separately for each of the three experimental conditions, the average rating which the Ss gave at the end of each question on the interview. Research has found that the view that opposites attract, According to Sternberg, love consists of intimacy, passion, and, Sternberg's Triangular Theory of Love says that companionate love consists of, Karen intentionally tries to hurt Lisa by spreading rumors about her. //document.getElementById('maincontent').style.display = 'none'; Cognitive dissonance theory implies that if you demand respect, you will get it. 59 0 obj Participants who agreed to do this were paid either $1 or $20. To do otherwise would have been to create conflict or dissonance (lack of harmony) between their attitudes and their behavior. Our identity is in part created by identifying ourselves with the organization or the community for which the sacrifices have been made. The highest t value for any of these differences is only 0.48. They were told that the study aims to evaluate these experiments to help them improve these in the future. All of the following are decision points in helping behavior EXCEPT. Their prediction provedcorrect. With everything else held constant, this total magnitude of dissonance would decrease as the number and importance of the pressures which induced him to say "not X" increased. A theory of cognitive dissonance. Eddie has made the _________. Like Explorable? Two derivations from this theory are tested here. For example, one way would be for the S to magnify for himself the value of the reward he obtained. 4. Cults use all of the following except_______to gain new members. 0000000015 00000 n To prevent groupthink, member's of a group should do all but which of the following? (The secretary had left the office.) /H [ 658 210 ] (Boulding, 1969). Psych Web has over 1,000 pages, so it may be elsewhere on the site. _______ occurs when people begin to think that it is more important to maintain a group's cohesiveness than to objectively consider the facts. Since these derivations are stated in detail by Festinger (1957, Ch. That is uncomfortable, unless you have a good explanation for your behavior (such as being paid a lot of money). His boss, Marco, assumes that traffic was bad this morning. The formation of in-groups and out-groups, The effect that people's awareness of the stereotypes associated with their social group has on their behavior is, Strategies for overcoming prejudice include. (1984, August) Psychology Today, pp.40-45. I hope you did enjoy it. The data from the other conditions may be viewed, in a sense, as changes from this baseline. The participants were experiencing cognitive dissonance because they were being asked to tell other people that the tasks were fun and interesting when, in reality, they were tedious and boring. >> Do a site-specific Google search using the box below. The remaining subjects were asked to take the place of an experimenter, if they would want to. So, to avoid dissonance, the person likes you. What is the Sacrifice Trap? He found, rather, that a large reward produced less subsequent opinion change than did a smaller reward. anything important? Cindy formed her attitude about peas through the process of, A person tries to change the belief, opinion, or course of action of another person through, People can reduce cognitive dissonance by, forming new cognitions to justify their behavior, Justin walks into the morning meeting 15 minutes late. Doing so, they started to identify with the arguments and accept them as their own. We will discuss each of the questions on the interview separately, because they were intended to measure different things. He hoped to exhibit cognitive dissonance in an experiment which was cleverly disguised as a performance experiment. I'm sure you'll enjoy it." When a one-hour session had been completed the students were asked to tell the next participant that the experiment was extremely interesting and enjoyable. To which two processes do most social psychologists attribute the failure of Kitty Genovese's neighbors to help her? About Press Copyright Contact us Creators Advertise Developers Terms Privacy Policy & Safety How YouTube works Test new features NFL Sunday Ticket Press Copyright . The participants who convinced themselves that the task really was fun were the ones who were___________. A bank loan officer thinks people who speak with an accent are lazy; consequently, he refuses to grant them loans. Half of them were offered $1 to do the job, while the remaining half was offered $20. Sign in|Recent Site Activity|Report Abuse|Print Page|Powered By Google Sites. No problem, save it as a course and come back to it later. During the first week of the course, when the requirement of serving in experiments was announced and explained to the students, the instructor also told them about a study that psychology department was conducting. The subjects were then again interviewed afterwards and were asked to rate four different areas of the experiment. You must turn off your ad blocker to use Psych Web; however, we are taking pains to keep advertising minimal and unobtrusive (one ad at the top of each page) so interference to your reading should be minimal. One would consequently expect to observe such opinion change after a person has been forced or induced to say something contrary to his private opinion. It shows people will do anything to fit in with the group. The present experiment was designed to test this derivation under controlled, laboratory conditions. "I didn't like the sermon at all today. The S worked at this task for another half hour. In these circumstances, the object of sacrifice becomes "sacred" and it is in a position to demand further sacrifices. There is perhaps no surer way of infecting ourselves with virulent hatred toward a person than by doing him a grave injustice. /Prev 679084 The same logic applies to selfish concerns such as getting other people to respect you. He then left saying he would return in a couple of minutes. The loan officer's belief is an example of_____. Her improved performance is an example of. Which of the following statements about stereotypes is FALSE? It is clear from examining the table that, in all cases, the Twenty Dollar condition is slightly higher The differences are small, however, and only on the rating of "amount of time" does the difference between the two conditions even approach significance. The E then paid the S one dollar (twenty dollars), made out a hand-written receipt form, and asked the S to sign it. The researchers further concluded, with the help of the said results, that with $1, participants found no significant justification thus the occurrence of cognitive dissonance. When she gets up to play it at the recital in front of 100 people, she preforms it better than she ever has. If a person is induced to do or say something which is contrary to his private opinion, there will be a tendency for him to change his opinion so as to bring it into correspondence with what he has done or said. Let us think of the sum of all the dissonances involving some particular cognition as "D" and the sum of all the consonances as "C." Then we might [p. 204] think of the total magnitude of dissonance as being a function of "D" divided by "D" plus "C.". Leon Festinger and James M. Carlsmith (1959) conducted an experiment entitled "Cognitive Consequences of Forced Compliance". $20 in the 1950s was equivalent to over $100 now. How did the Festinger and Carlson experiment work? The experimenter (E) then came in, introducing himself to the S and, together, they walked into the laboratory room where the E said: With no further introduction or explanation the S was shown the first task, which involved putting 12 spools onto a tray, emptying the tray, refilling it with spools, and so on. Please upgrade to Cram Premium to create hundreds of folders! The third asks whether that subject finds the activity important, again using the scale of 0 to 10. The area of the brain that is most involved in aggression is the ______. Which of the following statements is TRUE? The observed opinion change is greater than for persons who only hear the speech or for persons who read a prepared speech with emphasis solely on execution and manner of delivery The authors of these two studies explain their results mainly in terms of mental rehearsal and thinking up new arguments. 0000000848 00000 n We'll bring you back here when you are done. His hair is uncombed and he hasn't shaved in a few days. Festinger and Carlsmith (1959) conducted one of the first studies examining cognitive dissonance. What is the term for the process of developing an opinion about another person? Eliot Aronson, himself a famous social psychologist and former student of Festinger, called this "the most important experiment in the history of social psychology" ("Social Researcher", 1984). 0000000609 00000 n In conclusion, people, when persuaded to lie without being given enough justification, will perform a task by convincing themselves of the falsehood, rather than telling a lie. Kelman (1953), in the previously mentioned study, in attempting to explain the unexpected finding that the persons who complied in the moderate reward condition changed their opinion more than in the high reward condition, also proposed the same kind of explanation. Search over 500 articles on psychology, science, and experiments. Those who were paid $1 rated the activity a positive 1.35 (+1.35), while those who were paid $20 gave it a rating of negative 0.5 (-0.5). In the third element of social identity theory, people use _______ to improve their self-esteem. If you want to dislike someone, do them wrong. This is a direct result of Cognitive Dissonance. Why are black people stopped by police more than white people? The other group was paid 1/20th as much, the equivalent of about $5 now. [p. 208] In the Twenty Dollar condition, where less dissonance was created experimentally because of the greater importance of the consonant relations, there is correspondingly less evidence of dissonance reduction. /Resources 50 0 R We wish to thank Leonard Hommel, Judson Mills, and Robert Terwilliger for their help in designing and carrying out the experiment. 0000000658 00000 n Actually, the result, as may be seen in the table, are in exactly the same direction, and the magnitude of the mean differences is fully as large as on the first question. Evanston, Ill: Row Peterson, 1957. If you already know how to turn off your ad blocker, just hit the refresh icon or F5 after you do it, to see the page. Evanston, IL: Row & Peterson /Linearized 1.0 The______explanation of prejudice assumes that the same processes that help form other attitudes form prejudiced attitudes. The Ss were given a very good reason, in addition to being paid, for saying what they did to the waiting girl. You must have JavaScript enabled to use this form. >> Christopher D. Green Those who were paid $1 were forced to rationalize their own judgments and convinced themselves that what they were doing is enjoyable because they had no other justification. Then the commitments get more involved, such as donations of money and moving in the with the cult members. They will decide they wanted to do it anyway, or that maybe it was a good idea, in retrospect. Three Ss (one in the One Dollar and two in the Twenty Dollar condition) refused to take the money and refused to be hired. Therefore, this appears to support Festinger's notion of cognitive dissonance as a "motivational state of affairs" (Festinger, 1962), and greatly contrasts to self-perception theory, which is defined as an individual's ability to respond differentially to his own behaviour and its controlling variables, and is a product of social interaction . Festinger, L. and Carlsmith, J. M. (1959). When they were asked to lie about how they truly feel about the task, they force themselves to feel what they were induced to feel and express. This was rated in the same way as for the content before the remark. Our identity is in part created by identifying ourselves with the organization or the community for which the sacrifices have been made. Scott, W. A. He was told again to use one band and to work at his own speed. Patrick has a strong_____. He called it the Sacrifice Trap: endstream endobj 81 0 obj <>>>/Metadata 53 0 R/OCProperties<>/OCGs[92 0 R]>>/Pages 73 0 R/StructTreeRoot 70 0 R/Type/Catalog/ViewerPreferences<>>> endobj 82 0 obj <>/Font<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text]>>/Rotate 0/TrimBox[0.0 0.0 504.0 720.0]/Type/Page>> endobj 83 0 obj <>stream One side argued that football was good for a university, the other side argued that it was harmful. Relat., 1953, 6, 185-214. After the half hour on the second task was over, the E conspicuously set the stop watch back to zero, put it away, pushed his chair back, lit a cigarette, and said: Up to this point the procedure was identical for Ss in all conditions. York University, Toronto, Ontario. The opposite of Franklin's principle is described by Eric Hoffer, in The True Believer (1951). Some have already been discussed. Alex was most likely engaging in________. Before the subjects left the experiment, the experimenter commented that his research assistant would be unavailable to help the following day. Take it with you wherever you go. /O 49 [2] All statistical tests referred to in this paper are two-tailed. Three conditions were run, Control, One Dollar, and Twenty Dollars as follows: If the S hesitated, the E said things like, "It will only take a few minutes," "The regular person is pretty reliable; this is the first time he has missed," or "If we needed you we could phone you a day or two in advance; if you couldn't make it of course, we wouldn't expect you to come." Certainly, the more interesting and enjoyable they felt the tasks were, the greater would be their desire to participate in a similar experiment. Maria's fellow professor asked her to teach an honors class in the spring. When the interview was over, the interviewer brought the S back to the experimental room where the E was waiting together with the girl who had posed as the waiting S. (In the control condition, of course, the girl was not there.) The question was included because, as far as we could see, it had nothing to do with the dissonance that was experimentally created and could not be used for dissonance reduction.